Obesity in Children – References

Mark Cucuzzella

Current: Professor, West Virginia University School of Medicine; Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine

Past: Department of Veterans Affairs, US Air Force, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Virginia

Dr. Cucuzzella is a Professor at West Virginia University and a 29-year retired U.S. Air Force primary care physician and

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References

Obesity in Children – References

  1. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html   
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf 
  3. **Sarah E. Hampl, Sandra G. Hassink, Asheley C. Skinner, et al.  Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics February 2023; 151 (2): e2022060640. 10.1542/peds.2022-060640.  The first edition of the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline for evaluation and management of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity sparked debate in the medical community and the press.
  4. Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2017–2018. NCHS Health E-Stats, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated January 29, 2021.
  5. https://www.worldobesity.org/membersarea/global-atlas-on-childhood-obesity 
  6. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis M. Simmonds, A. Llewellyn, C. G. Owen, N. Woolacott, 2016, Obesity Reviews
  7. **Chung, S.T., Krenek, A. & Magge, S.N. Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 25, 405–415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-023-01111-4   The global burden of pediatric obesity continues to rise and is associated with accelerated and early vascular aging especially in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes
  8. Susann Weihrauch-Blüher, Peter Schwarz, Jan-Henning Klusmann, Childhood obesity: increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and cancer in adulthood, Metabolism,Volume 92,2019, Pages 147-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.001.
  9. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet. 2002 Aug 10;360(9331):473-82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09678-2. PMID: 12241736.
  10. Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Qi X, Locke J, Rehman S. Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019 Dec 1;6:2333794X19891305. doi: 10.1177/2333794X19891305. PMID: 31832491; PMCID: PMC6887808.
  11. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p1202-diabetes.html 
  12. https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/12/retired-generals-say-young-americans-are-too-fat-and-its-a-national-security-issue/ 
  13. https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/unfit-to-serve-062322-508.pdf 
  14. https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-new-policy-clarifying-role-bmi-measure-medicine 
  15. Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell Metab. 2019 Jul 2;30(1):67-77.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008. Epub 2019 May 16. Erratum in: Cell Metab. 2019 Jul 2;30(1):226. Erratum in: Cell Metab. 2020 Oct 6;32(4):690. PMID: 31105044; PMCID: PMC7946062.
  16. Poti JM, Braga B, Qin B. Ultra-processed Food Intake and Obesity: What Really Matters for Health-Processing or Nutrient Content? Curr Obes Rep. 2017 Dec;6(4):420-431. doi: 10.1007/s13679-017-0285-4. PMID: 29071481; PMCID: PMC5787353.
  17. https://www.medpagetoday.com/primarycare/dietnutrition/91281 
  18. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/well/eat/food-stamp-snap-soda.html 
  19. American Heart Association website: “Kids and added sugars: How much is too much?” Aug. 22, 2016. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/05/23/kids-and-added-sugars-how-much-is-too-much. 
  20. CDC website: “Get the Facts: Added Sugars” https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/added-sugars.html 
  21. Bray GA. Energy and fructose from beverages sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup pose a health risk for some people. Adv Nutr. 2013 Mar 1;4(2):220-5. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002816. PMID: 23493538; PMCID: PMC3649102.
  22. Shukla A, Jabarkheel Z. Sugar-sweetened beverages and screen time: partners in crime for adolescent obesity. J Pediatr. 2019 Dec;215:285. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.014. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31542158.
  23. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/health/junk-food-ads-black-hispanic-youth/index.html 
  24. Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac JC, Levy RB, Louzada MLC, Jaime PC. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018 Jan;21(1):5-17. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000234. Epub 2017 Mar 21. PMID: 28322183; PMCID: PMC10261019.
  25. Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell Metab. 2019 Jul 2;30(1):67-77.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008. Epub 2019 May 16. 
  26. Poti JM, Braga B, Qin B. Ultra-processed Food Intake and Obesity: What Really Matters for Health-Processing or Nutrient Content? Curr Obes Rep. 2017 Dec;6(4):420-431. doi: 10.1007/s13679-017-0285-4. PMID: 29071481; PMCID: PMC5787353.
  27. Ells, L.J., Rees, K., Brown, T. et al. Interventions for treating children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Int J Obes 42, 1823–1833 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0230-y
  28. Ludwig DS. The Ketogenic Diet: Evidence for Optimism but High-Quality Research Needed. J Nutr. 2020 Jun 1;150(6):1354-1359. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz308. PMID: 31825066; PMCID: PMC7269727.
  29. Ludwig DS, Willett WC, Volek JS, Neuhouser ML. Dietary fat: From foe to friend? Science. 2018;362(6416):764-70.
  30. Fildes A, Charlton J, Rudisill C, Littlejohns P, Prevost AT, Gulliford MC. Probability of an Obese Person Attaining Normal Body Weight: Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Records. Am J Public Health. 2015 Sep;105(9):e54-9. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302773. Epub 2015 Jul 16. PMID: 26180980; PMCID: PMC4539812
  31. Skelton JA, Irby MB, Beech BM, Rhodes SD. Attrition and family participation in obesity treatment programs: clinicians’ perceptions. Acad Pediatr. 2012 Sep-Oct;12(5):420-8. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2012.05.001. Epub 2012 Jul 13. PMID: 22795203; PMCID: PMC3456989.
  32. Rogovik AL, Goldman RD. Pharmacologic treatment of pediatric obesity. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):195-7. PMID: 21642717; PMCID: PMC3038814.
  33. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24883/redesigning-the-process-for-establishing-the-dietary-guidelines-for-americans 
  34. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet. 2002 Aug 10;360(9331):473-82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09678-2. PMID: 12241736.
  35. Moshfegh, A.J., Rhodes, D.G., Goldman, J.D., Clemens, J.C. 2017. Characterizing the dietary landscape of children, 12 to 35 months old. Nutrition Today. 52(2):S52-S59. doi: 10.1097/NT.0000000000000197.
  36. Elliott, C.D. and Conlon, M.J. (2015), Sugar and sodium in packaged children’s food. Pediatric Obesity, 10: 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2014.223.x
  37. **https://obesitymedicine.org/childhood-obesity/.   Accessed @ https://childrenswi.org/-/media/chwlibrary/files/medical-care/psych-behavior-program/psych-consult-site/resources/primary-care-resources/pediatric-obesity-algorithm-pwrpt.pdf  Developed by the Obesity Medicine Association The Pediatric Obesity Algorithm provides health care professionals with an algorithm that guides the treatment of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.

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