Primary Care – References

Mark Cucuzzella

Current: Professor, West Virginia University School of Medicine; Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine

Past: Department of Veterans Affairs, US Air Force, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Virginia

Dr. Cucuzzella is a Professor at West Virginia University and a 29-year retired U.S. Air Force primary care physician and

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References

Primary Care – References

  1. https://www.kff.org/health-policy-101-health-care-costs-and-affordability/ 
  2. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. PMID: 25057539.
  3. https://pafp.com/Documents/Bhat-Health%20Benefits%20of%20Primary%20Care.pdf 
  4. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/ 
  5. Green LA, Fryer GE Jr, Yawn BP, Lanier D, Dovey SM. The ecology of medical care revisited. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:2021–2025
  6. https://webmdignite.com/blog/reactive-vs-proactive-healthcare-models 
  7. https://odphp.health.gov/news/202401/prevention-still-best-medicine 
  8. DeHaven MJ, Gimpel NA, Kitzman H. Working with communities: Meeting the health needs of those living in vulnerable communities when Primary Health Care and Universal Health Care are not available. J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Oct;27(5):1056-1065. doi: 10.1111/jep.13495. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33051956.
  9. https://milkeninstitute.org/content-hub/research-and-reports/reports/costs-chronic-disease-us 
  10. Dhruv S. Kazi et al, Forecasting the Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in the United States Through 2050: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association, Circulation Volume 150, Number 4 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001258 
  11. Emily D. Parker, Janice Lin, Troy Mahoney, Nwanneamaka Ume, Grace Yang, Robert A. Gabbay, Nuha A. ElSayed, Raveendhara R. Bannuru; Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2022. Diabetes Care 2 January 2024; 47 (1): 26–43. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0085
  12. https://www.healthcentral.com/chronic-health/the-cost-of-being-chronic-in-2023-a-special-report 
  13. https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2025/february-2025-volume-110-issue-2/us-healthcare-system-is-in-crisis/ 
  14. https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2024/23_0267.htm 
  15. https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html 
  16. https://www.medicaleconomics.com/view/-underfunded-and-undervalued-primary-care-dwindles-as-chronic-disease-booms 
  17. https://thepcc.org/news/2025-primary-care-scorecard/ 
  18. THE HEALTH OF US PRIMARY CARE: 2025 SCORECARD REPORT The Cost of Neglect How Chronic Underinvestment in Primary Care Is Failing US Patient https://www.graham-center.org/content/dam/rgc/documents/publications-reports/presentations/milbank-scorecard-2025.pdf 
  19. Bodenheimer T. Revitalizing Primary Care, Part 1: Root Causes of Primary Care’s Problems. Ann Fam Med. 2022 Sep-Oct;20(5):464-468. doi: 10.1370/afm.2858. PMID: 36228065; PMCID: PMC9512560.
  20. Bodenheimer T. Revitalizing Primary Care, Part 2: Hopes for the Future. Ann Fam Med. 2022 Sep-Oct;20(5):469-478. doi: 10.1370/afm.2859. PMID: 36228059; PMCID: PMC9512544.
  21. Bodenheimer T, Sinsky C. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. Ann Fam Med. 2014 Nov-Dec;12(6):573-6. doi: 10.1370/afm.1713. PMID: 25384822; PMCID: PMC4226781.
  22. Rangachari P. The Untapped Potential of the Quadruple Aim of Primary Care to Foster a Culture of Health. Int J Gen Med. 2023 Jun 3;16:2237-2243. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S416367. PMID: 37293519; PMCID: PMC10246710.
  23. Valaitis RK, Wong ST, MacDonald M, Martin-Misener R, O’Mara L, Meagher-Stewart D, Isaacs S, Murray N, Baumann A, Burge F, Green M, Kaczorowski J, Savage R. Addressing quadruple aims through primary care and public health collaboration: ten Canadian case studies. BMC Public Health. 2020 Apr 16;20(1):507. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08610-y. PMID: 32299399; PMCID: PMC7164182.
  24. Schäfer, W.L., Boerma, W.G., Kringos, D.S. et al. QUALICOPC, a multi-country study evaluating quality, costs and equity in primary care. BMC Fam Pract 12, 115 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-12-115
  25. https://apcoworldwide.com/blog/what-u-s-health-care-can-learn-from-the-danish-primary-care-physician-model/ 
  26. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/most-people-in-denmark-and-the-netherlands-have-a-doctor-here-s-what-canada-can-learn-1.7463900 
  27. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x. PMID: 16202000; PMCID: PMC2690145.
  28. Sawicki OA, Mueller A, Klaaßen-Mielke R, Glushan A, Gerlach FM, Beyer M, Wensing M, Karimova K. Strong and sustainable primary healthcare is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization in high risk patients. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 23;11(1):4349. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83962-y. PMID: 33623130; PMCID: PMC7902818.
  29. Petersen DM, O’Malley AS, Felland L, Peebles V, Rittenhouse DR, Powell RE, Rich EC, Sarwar R, Sorensen A, Hoag S, Finucane M, Lipman E, Gellar J, Machta RM, Keith RE. Reducing Acute Hospitalizations at High-Performing CPC+ Primary Care Practice Sites: Strategies, Activities, and Facilitators. Ann Fam Med. 2023 Jul-Aug;21(4):313-321. doi: 10.1370/afm.2992. PMID: 37487736; PMCID: PMC10365870.
  30. https://primarycareforallamericans.org/ 
  31. https://www.pbgh.org/using-primary-cares-potential-to-improve-health-outcomes/ 
  32. Gao J, Moran E, Grimm R, Toporek A, Ruser C. The Effect of Primary Care Visits on Total Patient Care Cost: Evidence From the Veterans Health Administration. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022 Jan-Dec;13:21501319221141792. doi: 10.1177/21501319221141792. PMID: 36564889; PMCID: PMC9793026.
  33. Rothman AA, Wagner EH. Chronic illness management: what is the role of primary care? Ann Intern Med. 2003 Feb 4;138(3):256-61. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00034. PMID: 12558376.
  34. Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness: the chronic care model, Part 2. JAMA. 2002 Oct 16;288(15):1909-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.15.1909. PMID: 12377092.
  35. erant A, Fenton JJ, Franks P. Primary care attributes and mortality: a national person-level study. Ann Fam Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;10(1):34-41. doi: 10.1370/afm.1314. PMID: 22230828; PMCID: PMC3262457.
  36. Basu S, Berkowitz SA, Phillips RL, Bitton A, Landon BE, Phillips RS. Association of Primary Care Physician Supply With Population Mortality in the United States, 2005-2015. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(4):506–514. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7624
  37. Wensing M, Szecsenyi J, Kaufmann-Kolle P, Laux G. Strong primary care and patients’ survival. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 26;9(1):10859. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47344-9. PMID: 31350468; PMCID: PMC6659654.
  38. Morrison F, Shubina M, Goldberg SI, Turchin A. Performance of primary care physicians and other providers on key process measures in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013 May;36(5):1147-52. doi: 10.2337/dc12-1382. Epub 2012 Dec 10. PMID: 23230095; PMCID: PMC3631881.
  39. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x. PMID: 16202000; PMCID: PMC2690145.
  40. Bailey, S. R., O’Malley, J. P., Gold, R., Heintzman, J., Likumahuwa, S., & DeVoe, J. E. (2017). Participation in a patient-centered medical home and access to care for underserved patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 15(4), 363-370
  41. https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/improving-payment-for-primary-care-the-foundation-of-a-high-quality-affordable-health-care-system 
  42. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/match-day-reveal-anesthesiology-still-hot-family-medicine-2025a10006ul 
  43. https://physiciansfoundation.org/primary-care-in-crisis-new-scorecard-reveals-sector-struggling-to-meet-demand-retain-physicians-and-secure-adequate-funding/ 
  44. Nicholas Pennings, Catherine Varney, Shaun Hines, Bernadette Riley, Patricia Happel, Samir Patel, Harold Edward Bays, Obesity Management in Primary Care: A Joint Clinical Perspective and Expert Review from the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) and the American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians (ACOFP) – 2025,Obesity Pillars,2025,100172,ISSN 2667-3681,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100172. 
  45. https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2024/11/18/healthcares-cost-crisis-how-primary-care-can-deliver-the-savings-we-need/ 
  46. van Weel C, Kidd MR. Why strengthening primary health care is essential to achieving universal health coverage. CMAJ. 2018 Apr 16;190(15):E463-E466. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.170784. PMID: 29661815; PMCID: PMC5903888.
  47. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care 
  48. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Health care 2020: reengineering health care delivery to combat chronic disease. Am J Med. 2015 Apr;128(4):337-43. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.047. Epub 2014 Nov 22. PMID: 25460529.
  49. McNellis RJ, Genevro JL, Meyers DS. Lessons learned from the study of primary care transformation. Ann Fam Med. 2013 May-Jun;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5. doi: 10.1370/afm.1548. PMID: 23690378; PMCID: PMC3707240.
  50. Bauer UE, Briss PA, Goodman RA, Bowman BA. Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. Lancet. 2014 Jul 5;384(9937):45-52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60648-6. Epub 2014 Jul 1. PMID: 24996589.
  51. Browne AJ, Varcoe CM, Wong ST, Smye VL, Lavoie J, Littlejohn D, Tu D, Godwin O, Krause M, Khan KB, Fridkin A, Rodney P, O’Neil J, Lennox S. Closing the health equity gap: evidence-based strategies for primary health care organizations. Int J Equity Health. 2012 Oct 13;11:59. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-59. PMID: 23061433; PMCID: PMC3570279.
  52. Gong, G., Phillips, S. G., Hudson, C., Curti, D., & Phillips, R. (2017). Higher U.S. rural mortality rates linked to socioeconomic status, physician shortages, and lack of health insurance. Health Affairs, 38(12), 2003-2010
  53. Crowley, Jennifer et al. Nutrition in medical education: a systematic review. The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 3, Issue 9, e379 – e389
  54. Michielsen L, Bischoff EWMA, Schermer T, Laurant M. Primary healthcare competencies needed in the management of person-centred integrated care for chronic illness and multimorbidity: Results of a scoping review. BMC Prim Care. 2023 Apr 12;24(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s12875-023-02050-4. PMID: 37046190; PMCID: PMC10091550.
  55. Hoffer EP. Primary Care in the United States: Past, Present and Future. Am J Med. 2024 Aug;137(8):702-705. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.03.012. Epub 2024 Mar 16. PMID: 38499134.
  56. Polak R, Phillips EM, Nordgren J, La Puma J, La Barba J, Cucuzzella M, Graham R, Harlan TS, Burg T, Eisenberg D. Health-related Culinary Education: A Summary of Representative Emerging Programs for Health Professionals and Patients. Glob Adv Health Med. 2016 Jan;5(1):61-8. doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.128. Epub 2016 Jan 1. PMID: 26937315; PMCID: PMC4756781.
  57. Cucuzzella M, Hite A , Patterson K, Saslow L, Heath R. A Clinician’s Guide To Inpatient Low Carbohydrate Diets For Remission Of Type 2 Diabetes: Toward A Standard Of Care Protocol. Diabetes Management Vol 9 Iss 1 Jan 2019; ISSN: 1758-1907
  58. https://www.salon.com/2018/06/03/get-sugary-drinks-out-of-hospitals

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