Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease – References

Nicholas G. Norwitz

Current: Harvard Medical School

Past: University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics

Nick Norwitz MD PhD is a researcher-educator whose mission is to “Make Metabolic Health Mainstream.” He graduated Valedictorian from Dartmouth

Adrian Soto-Mota

Current: Director of the Metabolic Diseases Research Unit at Mexico’s National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition

Past: National Autonomous University of Mexico; The University of Oxford

Luis Adrian Soto‑Mota is a physician-scientist renowned for his work in human metabolism, data analysis, and evidence-based medicine. Currently, he

References

Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease – References

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  2. Argentieri, M. A., Amin, N., Nevado-Holgado, A. J., Sproviero, W., Collister, J. A., Keestra, S. M., Kuilman, M. M., Ginos, B. N. R., Ghanbari, M., Doherty, A., Hunter, D. J., Alvergne, A., & van Duijn, C. M. (2025). Integrating the environmental and genetic architectures of aging and mortality. Nature Medicine 2025, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03483-9 
  3. Bellido, V., Abreu Padín, C., Catarig, A. M., Clark, A., Barreto Pittol, S., & Delgado, E. (2022). Once-Weekly Semaglutide Use in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the SURE Spain Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 4938. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM11174938/S1 
  4. Buchanan, L., Calkins, M., Kalayjian, T., Norwitz, N. G., Teicholz, N., Unwin, D., & Soto-Mota, A. (2025). TOWARD, a metabolic health intervention, demonstrates robust 1-year weight loss and cost-savings through deprescription. Frontiers in nutrition, 12, 1548609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1548609 
  5. Budoff, M. J., Kinninger, A., Gransar, H., Achenbach, S., Al-Mallah, M., Bax, J. J., Berman, D. S., Cademartiri, F., Callister, T. Q., Chang, H. J., Chow, B. J. W., Cury, R. C., Feuchtner, G., Hadamitzky, M., Hausleiter, J., Kaufmann, P. A., Leipsic, J., Lin, F. Y., Kim, Y. J., … Min, J. K. (2023). When Does a Calcium Score Equate to Secondary Prevention?: Insights From the Multinational CONFIRM Registry. Cardiovascular Imaging, 16(9), 1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCMG.2023.03.008 
  6. Buenaventura-Collazos, D. C., García-Ramos, A. F., Balcázar-Valencia, C. M., Aguilar-Londoño, C., Coronel-Restrepo, N., Monsalve-Arango, C. Y., Cuesta-Castro, D. P., & Ramírez-Rincón, A. (2024). Effectiveness and safety of once-weekly semaglutide: findings from the SEMACOL-REAL retrospective multicentric observational study in Colombia. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1372992. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2024.1372992/BIBTEX 
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  11. Greenland, P., Blaha, M. J., Budoff, M. J., Erbel, R., & Watson, K. E. (2018). Coronary Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Risk. In Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Vol. 72, Issue 4, pp. 434–447). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.027 
  12. Hecker, J., Freijer, K., Hiligsmann, M., & Evers, S. M. A. A. (2022). Burden of disease study of overweight and obesity; the societal impact in terms of cost-of-illness and health-related quality of life. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-021-12449-2/FIGURES/3 
  13. Holmes, P., Bell, H. E., Bozkurt, K., Catarig, A. M., Clark, A., Machell, A., & Sathyapalan, T. (2021). Real-World Use of Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the SURE UK Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Study. Diabetes Therapy, 12(11), 2891–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13300-021-01141-8/TABLES/6 
  14. Jastreboff, A. M., Aronne, L. J., Ahmad, N. N., Wharton, S., Connery, L., Alves, B., Kiyosue, A., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Bunck, M. C., & Stefanski, A. (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(3), 205–216.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA2206038/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA2206038_DATA-SHARING.PDF 
  15. Libby P. (2021). The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature, 592(7855), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03392-8 
  16. Lin, F. Y., Goebel, B. P., Lee, B. C., Lu, Y., Baskaran, L., Yoon, Y. E., Maliakal, G. T., Gianni, U., Bax, A. M., Sengupta, P. P., Slomka, P. J., Dey, D. S., Rozanski, A., Han, D., Berman, D. S., Budoff, M. J., Miedema, M. D., Nasir, K., Rumberger, J., … Shaw, L. J. (2023). Mortality impact of low CAC density predominantly occurs in early atherosclerosis: explainable ML in the CAC consortium. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, 17(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2022.10.001 
  17. McClelland, R. L., Jorgensen, N. W., Budoff, M., Blaha, M. J., Post, W. S., Kronmal, R. A., Bild, D. E., Shea, S., Liu, K., Watson, K. E., Folsom, A. R., Khera, A., Ayers, C., Mahabadi, A. A., Lehmann, N., Jöckel, K. H., Moebus, S., Carr, J. J., Erbel, R., & Burke, G. L. (2015). 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Coronary Artery Calcium and Traditional Risk Factors: Derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) With Validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 66(15), 1643–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2015.08.035 
  18. Mohammedi, K., Belhatem, N., Berentzen, T. L., Catarig, A. M., & Potier, L. (2023). Once-weekly semaglutide use in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the SURE France multicentre, prospective, observational study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 25(7), 1855–1864. https://doi.org/10.1111/DOM.15045 
  19. Mora, S., Dugani, S. B., Moorthy, M. V., Li, C., Demler, O. V., Alsheikh-Ali, A. A., Ridker, P. M., & Glynn, R. J. (2021). Association of Lipid, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Biomarkers With Age at Onset for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Women. JAMA Cardiology, 6(4), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2020.7073 
  20. Mortensen, M. B., Caínzos-Achirica, M., Steffensen, F. H., Bøtker, H. E., Jensen, J. M., Sand, N. P. R., Maeng, M., Bruun, J. M., Blaha, M. J., Sørensen, H. T., Pareek, M., Nasir, K., & Nørgaard, B. L. (2022). Association of Coronary Plaque With Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Rates of Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Symptomatic Adults. JAMA Network Open, 5(2), e2148139–e2148139. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.48139 
  21. Napoli, R., Berra, C., Catarig, A. M., Di Loreto, C., Donatiello, E., Berentzen, T. L., Pitocco, D., & Giorgino, F. (2023). Once-weekly semaglutide use in patients with type 2 diabetes: Real-world data from the SURE Italy observational study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 25(6), 1658–1667. https://doi.org/10.1111/DOM.15020 
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  23. Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye, R. G., … Vollset, S. E. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481), 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1 
  24. Wilding, J. P. H., Batterham, R. L., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Van Gaal, L. F., Lingvay, I., McGowan, B. M., Rosenstock, J., Tran, M. T. D., Wadden, T. A., Wharton, S., Yokote, K., Zeuthen, N., & Kushner, R. F. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(11), 989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA2032183/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA2032183_DATA-SHARING.PDF 
  25. Wright, D. R., Guo, J., & Hernandez, I. (2023). A Prescription for Achieving Equitable Access to Antiobesity Medications. JAMA Health Forum, 4(4), e230493–e230493. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAHEALTHFORUM.2023.049

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