PCOS and Infertility – References

Steven F. Palter

Current: Founder and Director, Gold Coast IVF Woodbury, NY Founder Palter Fertility Method and the PCOS to Pregnancy Protocol™ Double Board Certified in Ob Gyn , Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Past: Yale University School of Medicine - Assistant Professor and Clinic Chief Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; President Society for Reproductive Surgeons (SRS); Founder, Centers of Excellence in Minimally Invasive Gynecology Program (COEMIG)

Dr. Palter is internationally recognized as a leader and innovator in the field of fertility treatment and IVF, and a

References

PCOS and Infertility – References

  1. Abbott, D. H., & and Dumesic, D. A. (2009). Fetal androgen excess provides a developmental origin for polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1586/17474108.4.1.1  
  2. Abbott, D. H., Barnett, D. K., Bruns, C. M., & Dumesic, D. A. (2019). Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: A developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome? Human Reproduction Update, 25(5), 584–599. 
  3. Alwahab, U. A., Pantalone, K. M., & Burguera, B. (2018). A Ketogenic Diet may Restore 
  4. Fertility in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case Series. AACE Clinical Case Reports, 4(5), e427–e431. https://doi.org/10.4158/ACCR-2018-0026  
  5. An, Y., Sun, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2015). The use of berberine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF treatment. Human Reproduction,30, 2627–2636. 
  6. Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Chen, Z., Dunaif, A., Laven, J. S. E., Legro, R. S., Lizneva, D., Natterson-Horowtiz, B., Teede, H. J., & Yildiz, B. O. (2016).Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 2, 16057. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.57  
  7. Barrea, L., Arnone, A., Annunziata, G., Muscogiuri, G., Laudisio, D., Salzano, C., 
  8. Pugliese, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2019). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients, 11(10), 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102278  
  9. Barsky, M., Merkison, J., Hosseinzadeh, P., Yang, L., Bruno-Gaston, J., Dunn, J., Gibbons, W., & Blesson, C. S. (2021). Fetal programming of polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects of androgen exposure on prenatal ovarian development. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 207,105830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105830  
  10. Borhan, M. K., Vethakkan, S. R., Sarvanandan, T., & Paramasivam, S. S. (2023). A Case of Severe Lactation Ketoacidosis in a Nondiabetic Mother on a Ketogenic Diet. JCEM Case Reports, 1(6), luad134. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcemcr/luad134  
  11. Choi, Y., Kang, K., Je, M., Lee, Y.-M., & Kim, Y. (2025). The Influence of Dietary Patterns on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Management in Women: A Review of  Randomized Controlled Trials with and Without an Isocaloric Dietary Design. Nutrients, 17(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040674  
  12. Cincione, I. R., Graziadio, C., Marino, F., Vetrani, C., Losavio, F., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Laudisio, D. (2023). Short-time effects of ketogenic diet or modestly hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.  Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 46(4), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01943-y  
  13. Dong, J., & Rees, D. A. (2023). Polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities. BMJ Medicine, 2(1), e000548. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000548 
  14. Dunaif, A. (1997). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocrine Reviews, 18(6),774–800. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.18.6.0318  
  15. Effect of hypocaloric high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet supplemented with fennel on androgenic and anthropometric indices in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial—ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2025, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229920319002?via%3Dihub  
  16. Genazzani, A. D., Lanzoni, C., Ricchieri, F., & Jasonni, V. M. (2008). Myo-inositol administration positively affects hyperinsulinemia and hormonal parameters in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 24(3), 139–144. 
  17. Joham, A. E., Norman, R. J., Stener-Victorin, E., Legro, R. S., Franks, S., Moran, L. J., Boyle, J., & Teede, H. J. (2022). Polycystic ovary syndrome. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10(9), 668–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00163-2  
  18. Juhász, A. E., Stubnya, M. P., Teutsch, B., Gede, N., Hegyi, P., Nyirády, P., Bánhidy, F., Ács, N., & Juhász, R. (2024). Ranking the dietary interventions by their effectiveness in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reproductive Health,21(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-02401758-5  
  19. Khalid, K., Apparow, S., Mushaddik, I. L., Anuar, A., Rizvi, S. A. A., & Habib, A. (2023). Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Reproductive Hormones in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 7(10), bvad112. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvad112
  20. Legro, R. S., Barnhart, H. X., Schlaff, W. D., Carr, B. R., Diamond, M. P., Carson, S. A., Steinkampf, M. P., Coutifaris, C., McGovern, P. G., & Cataldo, N. A. (2007). Clomiphene, metformin, or both for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(6), 551–566.
  21. Lizneva, D., Suturina, L., & Walker, W. (2016). Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility, 106, 6–15.Marshall, J. C., & Dunaif, A. (2012). Should all women with PCOS be treated for insulin resistance? Fertility and Sterility, 97(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.036  
  22. Mavropoulos, J. C., Yancy, W. S., Hepburn, J., & Westman, E. C. (2005). The effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on the polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-2-35  
  23. Mei, S., Ding, J., Wang, K., Ni, Z., & Yu, J. (2022). Mediterranean Diet Combined With a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern in the Treatment of Overweight Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 876620. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.876620
  24. Mishra, N., Meena, J., & Jaiswal, M. (2022). Comparative study of myo-inositol, metformin and berberine on PCOS. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, 48, 145–154. 
  25. Missel, A. L., O’Brien, A. V., Maser, H., Kanwal, A., Bayandorian, H., Martin, S., 
  26. Carrigan, P., McNamee, R., Daubenmier, J., Isaman, D. J. M.,Padmanabhan, V., Smith, Y. R., Aikens, J. E., & Saslow, L. R. (2021). Impact of an online multicomponent verylow-carbohydrate program in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. F&S Reports, 2(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfre.2021.08.008 
  27. Moran, L. J., Ko, H., Misso, M., Marsh, K., Noakes, M., Talbot, M., Frearson, M., Thondan, M., Stepto, N., & Teede, H. J. (2013). Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(4), 520–545. 
  28. Nadjarzadeh, A., Ghadiri-Anari, A., Ramezani-Jolfaie, N., Mohammadi, M., SalehiAbargouei, A., Namayande, S. M., Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., &Hosseini-Marnani, E. (2021). Effect of hypocaloric high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet supplemented with fennel on androgenic and anthropometric indices in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 56, 102633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102633  
  29. Pandurevic, S., Mancini, I., Mitselman, D., Magagnoli, M., Teglia, R., Fazzeri, R., Dionese, P., Cecchetti, C., Caprio, M., Moretti, C., Sicinska, J.,Agostini, A., Gazineo, D., Godino, L., Sajoux, I., Fanelli, F., Meriggiola, C. M., Pagotto, U., & Gambineri, A. (2023). Efficacy of very low-calorie ketogenic diet with the Pronokal® method in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A 16-week randomized controlled trial. Endocrine Connections, 12(7), e220536. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0536  
  30. Paoli, A., Mancin, L., Giacona, M. C., Bianco, A., & Caprio, M. (2020). Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02277-0   
  31. Polycystic ovary syndrome—The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2025, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS22138587(22)00163-2/abstract  
  32. Rosenfield, R. L. (2020). Current concepts of polycystic ovary syndrome pathogenesis. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 32(5), 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000945  
  33. Sussman, D., Ellegood, J., & Henkelman, M. (2013). A gestational ketogenic diet alters maternal metabolic status as well as offspring physiological growth and brain structure in the neonatal mouse. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-198   
  34. Teede, H., Misso, M., & Costello, M. (2018). Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 89, 251–268. 
  35. Unfer, V., Carlomagno, G., Dante, G., & Facchinetti, F. (2012). Effects of myo-inositol in women with PCOS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Gynecological Endocrinology, 28(7), 509–515. 
  36. van der Louw, E. J. T. M., Williams, T. J., Henry-Barron, B. J., Olieman, J. F., Duvekot, J. J., Vermeulen, M. J., Bannink, N., Williams, M., Neuteboom,R. F., Kossoff, E. H., Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E., & Cervenka, M. C. (2017). Ketogenic diet therapy for epilepsy during pregnancy: A case series.Seizure, 45, 198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.019  
  37. Walters, K. A., Gilchrist, R. B., Ledger, W. L., Teede, H. J., Handelsman, D. J., & Campbell, R. E. (2019). New perspectives on the pathogenesis of PCOS: Neuroendocrine origins and involvement of the sympathoadrenal system. Endocrine Reviews, 40(4), 927–960. 
  38. Wei, W., Zhao, H., & Wang, A. (2012). A clinical trial comparing the effect of berberine and metformin on the metabolic features of women with PCOS. Clinical Endocrinology, 77, 351–357. 
  39. Wei, W., Zhao, H., Wang, A., Sui, M., Liang, K., Deng, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Guan, Y. (2012). A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology, 166(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-110616.

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